Essay 2 Questions

Choose ONE of the questions below and answer it in an essay that is at least 2 pages long (no longer than 3 pages). Use specific examples of works of art and architecture which we have looked at in class and that are relevant to your argument.

1. Classical Athens had a strong influence on later generations. How is its influence felt in the art and architecture of the Roman Empire? Use 3-5 specific examples to support your argument. Consider which aspects of the examples you have chosen reflect Greek prototypes and which aspects make them distinctly Roman.

2. The Etruscans and the Early Christians both buried their dead in underground necropoleis. Compare and contrast the two cultures with regards to their burial practices. Consider tomb decorations and sarcophagi when choosing your (4-6) examples.

FINAL EXAM FRI JUN 6TH 11:00

8:00

• Presentations from Kyle, Matthew, and Andrea
• Gothic 
• Late Medieval Italy

9:30

• Exam review

11:00

• FINAL EXAM

***Bring a Blue/Green Book (NOT a scantron)

Chapter 13 Study Guide

Gothic Europe

Gothic

●      Chartres Cathedral (west facade), Chartres, France, c. 1145-1155

●      Old Testament kings and queens jamb statues, Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, c. 1145-1155

●      Virgin and Child and angels (Notre Dame de la Belle Verriere), Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, c. 1170

●      Saint Theodore jamb statue, Porch of the Martyrs, Chartres Cathedral, France, c. 1230

●      Christ (Beau Dieu), trumeau statue from Amiens Cathedral, Amiens, France, c. 1220-1235

●      Gaucher de Reims and Bernard de Soissons, Reims Cathedral (west facade), Reims, France, c. 1225-1290

●      Annunciation and Visitation jamb statues, Reims Cathedral, Reims, France, c. 1230-1255

●      Sainte-Chapelle (interior), c. 1243-1248

1. What are the four defining characteristics of Gothic architecture?

2. List 2 structural advantages the pointed arch had over the round arch.

3. What is the function of the flying buttress?

4. How does the representation of Christ change from the Romanesque to Gothic periods?

Chapter 12 Study Guide

Romanesque Europe

Romanesque

●      Gislebertus, Last Judgment from Saint-Lazare, c. 1120-1135

●      Baptistery of San Giovanni, Florence, 1059

●      Durham Cathedral (interior), c. 1093

●      Master Hugo, Moses Expounding the Law, c. 1135

●      Eadwine the Scribe, Eadwine the Scribe at Work, c. 1160-1170

●      Battle of Hastings, Bayeux Tapestry, c. 1070-1080

1. What is a relic? What is a reliquary?

2. What did people in the Christian world fear would happen in the year AD1000?

3. Draw a simple floorplan illustrating the ‘pilgrimage church’ type. Include and label the following:

            a. nave

            b. aisles

            c. transept

            d. crossing

            e. ambulatory

            f. chapels (draw at least 4)

4. What advantage did stone vaults have over wooden roofs?

5. Why were so many Romanesque churches of such great size, even though they were frequently located in isolated places with small congregations?

6. What was the Battle of Hastings and why is it important to our study of art?

Chapter 11 Study Guide

Early Medieval Europe

Early Medieval

●      Chi-rho-iota page from the Book of Kells, Iona, Scotland, late 8th or early 9th century

●      Saint Matthew from the Lindisfarne Gospels, Northumbria, England, c. 698-721

●      High Cross of Muiredach, Monasterboice, Ireland, 923

●      Equestrian statuette of a Carolingian ruler (Charlemagne or Charles the Bald), Metz, France, 9th century

●      Saint Matthew from the Coronation Gospels, Aachen, Germany, c. 800-810

●      Saint Matthew from the Ebbo Gospels, Hautvillers, France, c. 816-835

●      Hildesheim Doors, Hildesheim, Germany, 1015

1. What was the only major institution to survive the fall of the Western Roman Empire?

2. The term ‘Insular’ encompasses the art of what region?

3. Who are the four evangelists and what are their symbols?

4. How did Charlemagne turn his court at Aachen into a major centre of culture and learning?

5. What does Charlemagne’s ‘Renovatio’ (Renewal) refer to? What was being renewed?

Chapter 10 Study Guide

The Islamic World

Islamic

●      Dome of the Rock (interior), Jerusalem, 687-692

●      Malwiya Minaret, Great Mosque at Samarra, 848-852

●      Prayer hall of the Great Mosque at Cordoba, Spain, 8th-10th centuries

●      Court of the Lions, Palace of the Lions, Alhambra, Spain, 1354-1391

●      Sinan, Mosque of Selim II (exterior), Edirne, Turkey, 1568-1575

●      Bihzad, Seduction of Yusuf from Bustan of Sultan Husayn Mayqara, Afghanistan, 1488

1. What is a minaret?

2. What is the orientation of all mosques?

3. Explain the difference between mosaic tilework and cuerda seca tilework.

4. Why is abstract patterning so prevalent in Islamic decoration? 

Chapter 9 Study Guide

Byzantine Art

Byzantine

●      Barberini Ivory (Justinian as World Conqueror), mid-sixth century

●      Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, 532-537

●      Justinian, Bishop Maximianus, and Attendants, San Vitale, Ravenna, c. 547

●      Saint Apollinaris amid sheep, Sant’Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna, c. 533-549

●      Christ as Pantokrator (‘Ruler of All’), Church of the Dormition, Daphni, c. 1090-1100

●      Vladamir Virgin (Virgin of Compassion icon), late 11th or early 12th century

1. What city functioned as the capital of the Byzantine Empire? What is its modern day name?

2. How does the dome of Hagia Sophia differ from the dome of the Roman Pantheon in construction and material?

3. What aspects of the relief panel of Saint Michael the Archangel reflect classical influences (list 2)? What characteristics make it distinctly Byzantine (list 2)?

4. Define iconoclasm.

5. What is the subject of the Lamentation? Name at least 3 of the 5 biblical characters (excluding Jesus) most commonly depicted in Lamentation scenes.

Chapter 8 Study Guide

Late Antiquity

Early Christian

●      Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, Rome, c. 359

●      Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, c. 425

●      Christ as Good Shepherd (mosaic), Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, c. 425

●      The Parting of Abraham and Lot, Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, 432-440

●      Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes, Sant’Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, c. 504

●      Suicide of Judas and the Crucifixion, c. 420

1. How was Christ most often represented prior to Constantine, particularly during periods of persecution under emperors such as Trajan Decius and Diocletian?

2. Why were most early major churches built on the outskirts of the city of Rome?

3. List three attributes that representations of Christ acquired after Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire

4. Why was large-scale sculpture rare in early Christian places of worship?

5. Define the following terms:

            a. codex

            b. parchment

            c. illuminated manuscript

Chapter 7 Study Guide

The Roman Empire

Early Empire

●      Augustus Caesar as General, Primaporta, Italy, early 1st century AD

●      Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace), Rome, Italy, c.13-9 BC

●      Pont-du-Gard, Nimes, France, c. 16 BC

●      Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre), Rome, Italy, c. 70-80 AD

High Empire

●      Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, Rome, Italy, dedicated 112 AD          

●      Pantheon, Rome, Italy, 118-125 AD

●      Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius, Rome, Italy, c. 175 AD

Late Empire

●      Bust of Caracalla, c. 211-117 BC

●      The Four Tetrarchs, Constantinople, c. 305 AD

●      Arch of Constantine, Rome, Italy, 312-315 AD

●      Colossal Head of Constantine, Basilica Nova, Rome, Italy, c. 315-330 AD

1. Who were the two legendary founders of Rome?

2. Which two cultures most strongly influenced the art of the Roman Empire?

3. What technological advancement allowed the Romans to build in a more innovative manner and on a grander scale (without the necessity for internal or external support) than other ancient civilizations?

4. What is verism?

5. Augustus ‘found Rome a city of __________ and transformed it into a city of __________.’

Arch of Titus question

6. What event did the relief panels from inside the passageway of the Arch of Titus commemorate?

7. The Treasury of Atreus was the largest dome in the ancient world for over a thousand years. Which dome of Roman construction finally surpassed it?

8. Compare and contrast the Greek Parthenon with the Roman Pantheon. Consider the following: function, location of worship or ritual, materials used, building techniques, style, location.

9. Portraits of the Tetrarchs were very different from portraits of leaders from the Early and High Empire. Describe the differences and explain why this change occurred.

10. Which Roman emperor made Christianity the official religion of the Empire?

The Vesuvian Sites

Pompeii and Herculaneum

●      Atrium, House of the Vetii, Pompeii, Italy, 2nd century BC

●      Dionysiac Mystery Frieze, Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, Italy, c. 60-50 BC

1. What catastrophic event allowed the preservation of the sites near the Bay of Naples, such as Pompeii and Herculaneum?

2. Describe each of the Four Styles of Roman painting (1-3 sentences for each style).

3. What is a still-life painting?

Getty Villa Extra Credit

You may complete the extra credit at any point before the final, but I do recommend waiting until we've covered Pompeii and Herculaneum as you will get more out of your visit that way.

The Getty Villa in Malibu (NOT the Getty Center in Brentwood) is a recreation of an ancient Roman villa from Herculaneum named the Villa dei Papyri, and it houses the Getty's collection of Greek, Roman, and Etruscan antiquities. Admission to the Villa is free but you must go to the Getty's website to reserve a timed-entry ticket. Parking is $15. Keep in mind, the Villa is closed on Tuesdays.

After your visit, write a 2-3 page essay (MLA format) on your impressions. The subject of this essay is not strictly defined. You may discuss the Villa architecturally (think in terms of how it reflects conventional Roman villa architecture), you may discuss the replica sculptures and paintings and how seeing them in context compares with seeing them in a classroom or museum setting, you may choose a single piece of art that made a particularly strong impression on you and discuss it in detail, or you may discuss the collection as a whole.

If there is any other aspect of the Getty Villa you would like to write about after visiting it, please run the subject by me first and it should not be a problem.

Keep your parking receipt as proof that you visited or have a picture of yourself taken at the museum.

www.getty.edu

Chapter 6 Study Guide

Etruscan

Etruscan

• Apulu (Apollo of Veii), Portonaccio Temple, Veii, Italy, c. 510-500 BC
• Sarcophagus with Reclining Couple, Banditaccia Necropolis, Cerveteri, Italy, c. 520 BC
• Capitoline Wolf, Rome, Italy, c. 500-480 BC
• Chimera of Arezzo, Arezzo, Italy, first half of fourth century BC

1. Pedimental sculpture was rare in Etruscan art. Where on the temple did they tend to place their statuary instead?

2. Our knowledge of early Etruscan houses is primarily derived from _________.

3. What is the major difference between the necropoleis of Cerveteri and Tarquinia with regards to tomb decoration?

Chapter 5 Study Guide

Ancient Greece

Geometric

• Dipylon Krater, Dipylon Cemetery, Athens, Greece, c. 740 BC
• Herakles and Nessos, Olympia, Greece, c. 750-730 BC

Orientalizing

• Mantiklos Apollo, Thebes, Greece, c. 700-680 BC
• Lady of Auxerre, c. 650-625 BC

Archaic Period

• New York Kouros, Attica, Greece, c. 600 BC
• Anavysos Kouros, Anavysos, Greece, c. 530 BC
• Kleitias and Ergotimos, Francois Vase, Chiusi, Italy, c. 570 BC
• Exekias, Achilles and Ajax, Vulci, Italy, c. 540-530 BC
• Euphronios, Herakles Wrestling Antaios, Cerveteri, Italy, c. 510 BC

Classical Period

• Kritios Boy, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, c. 480 BC
• Artemision God, Cape Artemision, Greece, c. 460-450 BC
• Myron, Diskobolos (Discus Thrower), c. 450 BC
• Polykleitos, Doryphoros (Spear Bearer), c. 450-440 BC
• Iktinos and Kallikrates, Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, 447-438 BC
• Caryatid Porch from the Erechthion, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, c. 421-405 BC
• Praxiteles, Aphrodite of Knidos, c. 350-340 BC
• Lysippos, Apoxyomenos (Scraper), c. 330 BC
• Head of Alexander the Great, Pella, Greece, 3rd c. BC

Hellenistic Period

• Altar of Zeus at Pergamon, Pergamon, Turkey, c. 175 BC
• Nike of Samothrace, Samothrace, Greece, c. 190 BC
• Alexander of Antioch-on-the-Meander, Venus de Milo, Melos, Greece, c. 150-125 BC

1. Why is it often difficult to determine whether early Greek figural sculptures represent humans or gods? (ex: Mantiklos Apollo, Lady of Auxerre)

2. Define the following:

A. Kouros

B. Kore

C. Contrapposto

3. What is the ‘Archaic Smile’ and what is a likely explanation for its consistent use?

4. Define the following architectural terms:

A. Cella/Naos

B. Stylobate

C. Peristyle

D. Pronaos

E. Pediment

F. Caryatid

5. Describe the features of the columns of the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian Orders.

6. In the pediment sculpture of the Temple of Artemis at Corfu, how did the sculptor represent Medusa running?

7. What were the Gigantomachy and the Centauromachy? What did they represent symbolically?

8. What advantages did the red-figure painting technique have over the older black-figure technique?

9. What is remarkable about the representation of the figures in Euthymides’s Three Revelers Amphora?

10. What sculpture embodies the Classical ideal of human beauty and perfection? Who was the sculptor and briefly describe his treatise entitled The Canon.

11. Why was the rebuilding of the Athenian Acropolis necessary? How was it financed and under whose political leadership did the rebuilding take place?

12. What aspect of the Aphrodite of Knidos by Praxiteles was unprecedented and shocking at the time? Why?

13. Explain the differences between High Classical and Late Classical sculpture by comparing Polykleitos’s Doryphoros with Lysippos’s Apoxyomenos.

14. Who was Alexander the Great and why is he so important in the study of Greek art?

15. How does the Nike of Samothrace embody the Hellenistic interest in capturing a sense of theatricality?

Chapter 4 Study Guide

Prehistoric Aegean

Cycladic

• Keros Musician, Keros, Greece, c. 2600-2300 BC

Minoan

• Palace of Knossos, Knossos, Crete, Greece, c. 1700-1370 BC
• Bull-Leaping Fresco, Knossos, Crete, Greece, c. 1400-1370 BC
• Marine-Style Octopus Flask, Palaikastro, Crete, Greece, c. 1450 BC
• Snake Goddess, Knossos, Crete, Greece, c. 1600 BC

Mycenaean

• Lion Gate, Mycenae, Greece, c. 1300-1250 BC
• Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae, Greece, c. 1300-1250 BC
• Funerary Mask (‘Death Mask of Agamenmon’), Grave Circle A, Mycenae, Greece, c. 1600-1500 BC

1. Where did each of the three unique cultures of Prehistoric Greece flourish?

2. Which features of the Palace of Knossos likely gave rise to the legend of King Minos and the Minotaur?

3. In Minoan painting, how are men and women most easily distinguished?

4. Unlike the Egyptians, who painted in fresco secco, the Minoans painted their walls using a ‘true fresco’ method. Explain what this means and list one benefit and one drawback of true fresco.

5. What is particularly significant about the depiction of the human figure on the Harvesters Vase?

6. Explain Cyclopean Masonry. What does it mean and how did the term come about?

7. What is the largest sculpture from the Prehistoric Aegean?